Polish forced laborers

In my entry "Where Is Iwacewicze?" I asked how Poles would have ended up migrating to Nazi-controlled Germany. I found this article below on a Polish family that had been forceably evacuated to Germany as agricultural laborers. There was a kind of labor tribute exacted on subjugated populations. This sheds some light on how my father might have been separated from his original family, or how Mrs. Proniewicz and family had been moved to Weiden.

The Suschinsky Family, at the University of Minnesota's Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.

General Research notes, 2/18/07

On Friday, 2/16/07, I spoke briefly with MLL, who used to work at the IRO Children's Village in Bad Aibling, and now resides in the US. She had no recollection of my father (he would have been one of about 500 children there, so that was expected). We still had an enlightening conversation about the IRO facility at Bad Aibling and the lot of those children who were sent to the US. I hope to keep in touch and find out more.

On Monday, 2/19/07, I'll be mailing off an application to the Red Cross' International Tracing Service to see if they have any records.

This week I found a listing at the Albert Eintstein Archive of a correspondence between Fr. Emil Komora and Albert Einstein in 1940. Fr. Komora is listed as my father's legal guardian on his intake form at Boy's Town, near Omaha. The AEA archivist who responded to my query indicated no relevant information, but I am trying to see if I can get any background info about Fr. Komora or any refugee organizations he worked with. The archivist I emailed wrote back on 2/19 that there is no relevant information of any kind in the correspondence in question—another dead end.

Here's a picture of the Children's Center at Prien, where my father was turned over to UNRRA custody:

There was another DP Children's Center nearby at Kloster Indersdorf, which I will also try to research. This photo came from the US Holocaust Memorial Museum's online photo archives. I'll post an article on the IRO Children's Center at Prien when I get more information about it.

Displaced Persons Camps in Germany

I recently found this site (www.dpcamps.org) which is an info exchange about UNRRA/IRO's Displaced Persons camps in Central Europe after WW2. My father lived at the following ones in Germany:
1946- Camp Hammerweg, Weiden
3/1947- Prien
9/1947- Aglasterhausen
11/48- Bad Aibling

It was at Prien that his former guardian, Mrs. Proniewicz, turned him over to UNRRA custody. Many of the experiences Dad has talked about, playing on former battlefields, collecting war artifacts, stumbling into a former concentration camp, probabaly occurred during the transit period of 3/1947-11/48.

I'm a little unsure about this timeline, taken from his UNRRA registration form, however. Dad mentioned Aglasterhausen as a sorting facility, probably for repatriation purposes. According to his account, the staff was sorting between German, Polish and Russian children. As he was apprehensive of the Russian staff, and could barely understand them, he chose to tell them he was German, so he could stay where he was. However, he has indicated that he considered Bad Aibling/Rosenheim his home.

His memory of life in Bad Aibling, however, wasn't much happier. He has told me of at least 2 attempts to run away. During one period a family in nearby Rosenheim took him in. He doesn't have an accurate sense of how long he was with them before he was returned to the IRO camp at Bad Aibling.

I would like to hear from anyone who has any information about the above facilities.

IRO Children's Village: Bad Aibling, Germany

From March 1948 until late 1950, my father lived at the International Relief Organization's Children's Village at Bad Aibling in Bavaria, Germany, under the name Konstanty Proniewicz. Bad Aibling is a resort town near the Austrian border that currently hosts a US military base. For more information about the town itself, here's Wikipedia's page on it.

Professor Andrew Reeves in Michigan worked there in 1951 while himself a refugee and Holocaust survivor. While his tenure began some time after my father was sent to the US, his description of the Children's Village gives a good insight into what life was like there. Reprinted below is an account from his memoir Between A Rock And A Hard Place, with his kind permission.

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Bad Aibling
The IRO had its "Children's Village" in the town of Bad Aibling, a subalpine spa about 30 miles southeast of Munich (the prefix "Bad" means Spa in German). Otto had been the Jewish chaplain of the Children's Village since the fall and he now notified me that a position for a high school teacher had become vacant and he suggested that I apply for it. I did, and to make a long story short I got the job, resigned my position as night watchman, moved to Bad Aibling, and by March 15, 1951 I started teaching at the IRO Children's Village High School. The job paid DM 250 monthly, or a little less than my former job but it included a room on the premises and opportunity for frequent free trips to Munich.

The Children's Village turned out to be a strange establishment. It was founded after the war for the care of orphaned and abandoned or otherwise displaced children in Europe, in order to organize their adoption and emigration and to provide them with sustenance and education in the meantime. Six years after the war's end most of the original inmates were already gone or grew out of childhood, but the ranks were replenished by refugees from the east, many of whom were not truly orphaned or abandoned but pretended to be in order to take advantage of the better living conditions the village offered in comparison to the adult refugee camps. Eligibility extended to age 20, but of course ID papers could be lost or gotten rid of and it seemed that some "children" were not too far in age from myself, who was at that time 26.

The staffing of the Children's Village was no less curious. Neither Otto as chaplain nor myself as high school teacher had proper professional credentials for our jobs, respectively, and it seemed that this was par for the course for the entire staff. The Director of the village, a Belgian gentleman by the name of Mr. Heuvelmans, materialized infrequently and was a rare presence on the premises. His deputy, Dr. Huth, a local German with a highly questionable personal history during the Nazi period, was in actual charge of day-to-day operations. He was cloyingly fawning to Otto and me (the only Jews on the staff) but we were aware that he dropped prejudiced remarks behind our backs and frequently plotted to our disadvantage. He supervised the various "house parents" (supervisors of dorms) and the school principal. The latter was Mr. Iwanski, A Polish-American who was amazingly uneducated for an educator and in my judgment almost certainly not a genuine high school graduate himself, at least in the traditional European sense. I reported to him.

Naturally, I assumed that I would be teaching science, but that was not to be. The school already had a science teacher (not a scientist, of course) and my classes turned out to be English and mathematics. I was quite taken aback by these assignments: mathematics was never my strong suit and, needless to say, my English proficiency then was not what it is today. I was reassured not to worry about these things. Indeed, it seemed that, in comparison to some other teachers in the school, I was superbly qualified to teach even English and math. However, my strangest assignment was to teach piano. The village never had music instruction before but they had a piano, and when they realized from my résumé that I had some background in that respect they insisted that I take that up as an additional assignment. Doubtless they figured it would add to the glamour of their annual report. Mr. Iwanski's concept was that I should be giving piano lessons to a class of 15 or 20 students together daily, or even twice daily--whenever they had open periods in their schedules. The idea of individual practicing requirements did not occur to him at all. He became quite annoyed when I told him that piano instruction could not be given the way he envisioned it--we had a drawn-out argument and we finally compromised. I could take two students at a time in turns, while the rest of the class watched. To keep them occupied in some way was the overriding requirement and generally the whole philosophy of the school was more heavily weighted on the side of babysitting than on genuine education.

There were no class programs, textbooks, or progression criteria from grade to grade. The teachers were entirely on their own with respect to content as well as method. Homework was frowned upon because it involved giving the children pencil and paper which was an invitation to mischief and which they would lose anyway. Generally, the High School of the IRO Children's Village was not too far from being a total farce. That of course was perfectly all right with the children themselves, or at least most of them. Among the old timers for whom the Children's Village was originally created, only the hard core remained --i.e. those hardest to place with foster parents abroad. They were a wild, uncivilized bunch. Among the later additions there were some nice kids but frequently demoralized by the former element. Most of the teenage girls were openly and sometimes brazenly seductive.

My first scheduled class, perhaps as a break-in assignment, was teaching mathematics to some of the toughest elements in the village. They were a group of "teenage" boys, but many obviously past 20. My romantic notions of teaching algebra and geometry in a well-ordered class environment dissipated fast. First of all, it took a good week or two, with all the psychological tricks I could think of, even to gain their acceptance--it was clear from day one that with this bunch the traditional teacher-student relationship based on respect and discipline would never work. I had to become their "friend". When we finally established some rapport it developed that these kids could hardly add and sub-tract; the "high school mathematics" that I ended up teaching was at the level of the multiplication table. Even that was possible only after I succeeded, by a lucky break, to get rid of the worst troublemaker in the class. He was a Ukrainian boy of about 18, nicknamed "Tarzan" because he was a genuine savage. Actually, he was probably a psychopath. One day I called on him to do some exercises on the blackboard and when I attempted to correct some of his figures he personally assaulted me in seething fury and actually tore the shirt off my chest. Characteristically, the outcome of the affair was the mildest reprimand for Tarzan and refusal of reimbursement of the torn shirt for me. He was not even taken out of my class. A few days later Tarzan got in trouble with the Bad Aibling police and jailed. Except for this coincidence, I probably would never have gotten rid of him at all.

My frustrations as teacher in Bad Aibling were numerous and my successes few and far between. Among the latter I must count a cute 15-year old Lithuanian girl by the unlikely name of Florida Stonkuta. She turned out to be quite musical and progressed to the point of being able to give a modest recital at the end of the school year. Another educational success was a group of Czech boys in their late teens slated for early emigration to the United States whom I had in an English class. First, gaining their cooperation was difficult. They ignored me totally, or pretended not to understand German and answered me in Czech. After the initial struggles which required super patience and sense of humor, I could prevail by appealing to their own self-interest in learning the language of the land they were to live in, and we started to make some progress. In the end, we became friends and I was appointed to serve as the escort person who took them to Munich for their emigration proceedings and eventual departure.

An amusing episode that sheds some light on the general cultural level of the teaching staff in Bad Aibling was during a lunch break in the village cafeteria. I was sitting with Mr. Iwanski, my principal, when the mail was brought in. I had a postcard from my friend John Spitzer who was already on his way to emigrate to Canada, and was about to embark shortly in an Italian port. He had the opportunity to make a side trip to Rome and the card he sent me showed the classic view of the Roman Forum, with the ruins of the palace of the Vestal Virgins, the characteristic three columns of the temple of Castor and Pollux, the arch of Septimius Severus, and so forth. It was the picture customarily adorning virtually every book on ancient history or Latin grammar. When Mr. Iwanski saw the picture he shook his head in startled dismay.

"Omygosh" said he. "I did not realize that Rome was that badly damaged during the war!"

I remained on the teaching staff of the Children's Village until August 31, 1951, when the facility was dissolved. It was about time; the number of children in the village had diminished from about 300 when I came to less than 100 in the course of 6 months, through aging or emigration. The staff numbered at least twice the latter figure. During the first few weeks of my employment I formulated enthusiastic class projects for the true education of my students but these for the most part remained unrealized. The children lacked the background as well as the motivation. Attendance was on the whole erratic and Mr. Iwanski frequently combined, redistributed, or otherwise broke up the classes according to contingencies created by the diminishing numbers, and in complete disregard for any degree of continuity. Babysitting with some disjointed exercises or storytelling during each period was the only realistic way of handling classes and eventually I had no choice but to conform to the general pattern. At least it gave me time to study, and soon after my departure from Bad Aibling I passed the Final Examination in Chemistry with a grade of "befriedigend" [halfway between good and satisfactory]. I could now commence thesis work; but before I get into the account of that, it is high time to pay attention to a progression of concurrent events of highest personal significance.

Where is Iwacewicze?

This whole story begins in a town in Poland. However, proper spelling of Polish place names was not a major concern of the case worker who prepared my father's transfer form. The town from which Mrs. Proniewicz, her two children, and my father were
evacuated in 1944 was alternately spelled Iwaniewicze, Iwaczewicze, and Iwacewicze. After my friend Evan (who had lived briefly in Poland) and I investigated further, we decided that the town in question was Iwacewicze.

Iwacewicze is in the Brest Voblast (province) of current-day Belarus. However, until 1939 it was part of Poland. In 1939 it was ceded to the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) under a secret agreement with Nazi Germany. In 1942, the Nazis seized the provincial capital, Brest, decimating the Jewish population. In July, 1944, the Red Army retook the city. In 1945, the province officially became part of the BSSR and the majority of its Polish population was expelled.

According to the testimony given by Mrs. Proniewicz when she turned my father over to UNRRA custody in 1947, she was asked to take care of him in March 1942 by the operators of a children's transport. As mentioned above, they were evacuated from Iwacewicze in 1944 to Weiden, in northern Bavaria.

I have some questions about the reported time frame of the Proniewiczes' departure from Iwacewicze:

1. What military action in the area between May 1941 and March 1942 would have resulted in the necessity to gather orphans into a children's transport?
- The German offensive in the area began in June 1942, completing in August.

2. What agency would have organized this effort? How would an orphan have been assigned to Mrs. Proniewicz? Did she volunteer, or would she have had a soldier or relief worker show up at her door with a baby saying "Here, have an orphan!"?

3. In 1944, they would have been fleeing the Red Army. They ended up in Weiden, which was then under Nazi control
- Why would a Polish family run to Nazi-ruled territory?
- The mass expulsion of Poles from Belarusian territory didn't begin until 1945.

Cross-referencing the testimony with the widely-accepted history of the region in 1941-1944 has given me reason to question a number of details of Mrs. Proniewicz's report. Anyone with any information on the background of these events is encouraged to post a reply to this entry, or contact me via email.

Welcome to Iwacewicze

Hello everyone. Welcome to the "Back To Iwacewicze" blog.

The history of the West has been one of severe turbulence. While we think of Europe as a peaceful and somewhat unextreme place, this has only been true for the last few decades. The unbridled slaughterfest that we know as the two World Wars was the culmination of centuries of increasingly vicious and widespread tribal combat. The nations involved could be considered civilized only by the measure of the convoluted justifications, and technological prowess, put into the effort to grab land and resources on a crowded continent. In the ebb and flow of borders, the movement of populations, and the devastation/reconstruction of cities and counties, many stories of ordinary people, the ones who ultimately pay the price of military adventures and political demagogy, are lost.

One of these stories is that of my father, Konstanty Monclair. His official story begins in March 1942, when testimony given to a United Nations Relief and Rehabiliation Administration intake officer states that he was handed over to the care of a Mrs. Proniewicz in a Polish town called Iwacewicze. His birthdate was estimated at May 1941, making him about 9-10 months old at the time. There are no hard details between that time and March 1947, when he was given over to the care of UNRRA. As he was a small child, he remembers very little about that time. When he came to the United States in late 1950-early 1951, the only records that he has (that he knows of) were his UNRRA registration form and his First Communion photo taken while living at the IRO Children's Village in Bad Aibling, Bavaria. I definitely have my work cut out for me.

So why am I taking on this seemingly hopeless project? In the past, my father had said that he tried to look into this, and about 5 years ago, my mother had tried to research this, without much luck. Several things have given me hope that I might make headway where they could not. An increasing amount of information has been made available on the internet. With a few hours' Google searches, I've been able to find the beginings of info trails that may lead me somewhere. Also, the establishment of Dr. James Watson's DNA Shoah project (http://www.dnashoah.info) may give some leads past the dead end of the paper trail. Other second generation of displaced persons may be out there looking for their past.

I am undertaking this project in three stages:
1. Research on whereabouts and details of the pre-UNRRA custody period of May 1941-March 1947.
2. Research on any records of his time under UNRRA custody, March 1947-the end of 1950.
3. Research on details of his life from entry into the USA up to his intake into Boys Town in the late 1950s.

In addition to information on my search, please feel free to post any thoughts or information on any other displaced person info search. While the focus of this blog is on my father's past, I'd also like to hear from anyone else who is engaged in a similar hunt for their past.